UPCONVERSION NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Nanoparticles have emerged as innovative materials in various fields, including biomedical applications. Conversely, the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles remains a pressing concern. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a specialized type of nanoparticle capable of converting near-infrared light to visible light, have attracted considerable